Interspecific Competitions: competition between different species when resources are in short supply.
competitive exclusion principle: when two species compete for the same resources, one is likely to be more successful and the other will be eliminated.
Ecological niche: the total sum of biotic and abiotic resources in an environment
Predation: an interaction between two species, in which a predator eats the prey
Animal Defense:
- Cryptic coloration – animals are camouflaged by their coloring
- Aposematic coloration – poisonous animals are brightly colored to warn other animals
- Batesian mimicry – a nonpoisonous animal evolves to mimic the coloration of a poisonous animal
hover fly
- Müllerian mimicry – two bad-tasting species resemble each other so that predators learn to avoid them quickly
Monarch (left), Viceroy (right)
• Herbivory: an interaction in which an herbivore eats part of a plant or alga to distinguish toxic from nontoxic plants
Parasitism: the parasite benefits from the living arrangement, while the host is harmed. Parasites change the behavior of their hosts to help themselves. They can affect the survival, reproduction, and density of a population.
tomato hornworm with wasp pupae
Commensalism: one species benefits and the host remains unaffected.
clownfish protected from predators not immune to sting of anemone
Mutualism: both species benefit from the symbiotic relationship and can increase the survival and reproduction of both species.
The flower is pollinated by the insect, while the bee receives food, pollen and nectar.
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